Artificial Intelligence in Daily Life - 738 Words

Since the advent of computing both scholars and writers have hypothesized about what might happen if machines evolved to the point that they became sentient. As computing became more and more complex and memory and advances in computer chip technology increased, the study of artificial intelligence and the idea of what might be possible for computers has also undergone a dramatic evolution. In fact, many contemporary computing applications at home, in vehicles, and in business already use Artificial Intelligence (AI) as a basis for many operations. Many of todays machines are designed to perform a specific task and function. Modern manufacturing has advanced because of robotics, and certainly this has dramatically changed the way the world works. Now, we move into a different future, one in which computers can self-replicate teach themselves and adapt to different conditions. In fact, the more complex they become, the more we will need them to repair and maintain themselves. Of cours e, there remains fear that once they reach a position of sentience, they will have no further need for human kind. However, long generational space exploration, or exploration into hostile environments for humans can easily be accomplished by robots, contributing to the betterment of humankind (Greenmeire, 2008). Despite the popular motion picture view of AI; from HAL in 2001: A Space Odyssey to Robin Williams in Bicentennial Man, the concept of AI can be defined in a number of ways. If we useShow MoreRelatedEssay On Artificial Intelligence738 Words   |  3 PagesArtificial intelligence is a beneficial form of technology used daily by humans around the world, and is widespread across society. It is used in almost every field of our lives, from our phones, to our food, and is devoted to making our day-to-day life easier. However, there is much debate worldwide about whether this technology is truly beneficial or not for society, as some choose to believe that it is doing more harm than good. Artificial intelligence (AI) is usually defined as the scienceRead MoreHistory And Development Of Artificial Intelligence1507 Words   |  7 Pagestechnology-based society as ours, artificial intelligence is becoming an important part of our daily lives. This research paper will explore the history and development of artificial intelligence, the places we can encounter them, the future they hold and the ethical dilemmas around this new technology. Although there was not a lot of technology in the 1950s, the idea of artificial intelligence, named by McCarthy, arose. The first form of artificial intelligence was a program with the ability toRead MoreDisadvantages Of Artificial Intelligence909 Words   |  4 Pagesconstantly changing lives easier. However, as we advance in society, controversies start up on the right and wrongs of how our mechanics or robots develop, specifically Artificial Intelligence robots. Artificial intelligence is the ability to understand how to control motion and responses based upon experience. Artificial intelligence in robots are based on human traits such as reasoning, knowledge, planning, learning, communication, perception, and movement and manipulation of objects.As of now, ourRead MoreComputer Science And Artificial Intelligence901 Words   |  4 PagesScience and Artificial Intelligence† by the National Research council staff, and published by National Academies Press, they talk about th e importance of Artificial intelligence in the department of defense, especially in this day and age. They talk about how AI could help increase national security while reducing the risk for humans in hostile environments (ch.2 pg. 14). Along with that, it states that if we could advance far enough, the goal is to entirely replace the need to risk human life or injuryRead MoreEssay On Artificial Intelligence1470 Words   |  6 PagesArtificial Intelligence, an acronym for AI. It is a new technical science in the research and development of intelligent theories, methods, techniques and applications for the simulation, extension and expansion of human beings. In my vision of the artificial intelligence in the future, artificial intelligence can not only manage the daily life of people, but also can become one of the family members to the human beings, and enjoy the same equal human rights. Even we can embed the mind of diedRead MoreThe Invention Of Artificial Intelligence1668 Words   |  7 PagesIn our lives today, we all use some form of Artificial Intelligence daily. Some of these activities include: using cellular apps (Google Maps, Siri, Cortana), playing video games, and listening to music. Although the use of Artificial Intelligence has made human life more efficient and effective, it has also insinuated reliance and unsuspecting ignorance into our minds as well, and we do not even see it coming. The history of Artificial Intelligence dates back to the 1950s. Approximately fourteenRead MoreSample Resume : Artificial Intelligence765 Words   |  4 Pagesapplying for admission to the Ph.D. programme in Artificial Intelligence. I have a background in computing at both B.Sc. and MSc. levels and due to the projection of emerging technologies and how everything is tilted towards Artificial Intelligence: I want a career in the field. Particularly, as Artificial Intelligence is one of the main research areas in Computer Science and how it will help me expand my knowledge scope and expertise in: web intelligence; intelligent interactive systems; human-robotRead MoreWarehouse Management Systems : AI And Cloud-Based Within WMS1255 Words   |  6 Pageseffectively, people create the Warehouse Management System (WMS) that I believe it could only do the simplest thing like tracking the storage locations at first. For now, majority of the large companies rely on the WMS to support and manage their daily organizing, planning, moving, storing, and controlling the utilization of the resources, materials, and products in the warehouses and distribution centers with technology supports. The WMS, a part of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), actually becomesRead MoreThe Future Of Artificial Intelligence1020 Words   |  5 PagesName: Kareem Toluwalope Student ID: B00781950 The Possible Future Of Artificial Intelligence (AI) Artificial Intelligence is the process of humanizing machines. Artificial Intelligence has a lot of benefits and disadvantages, which would increase in the coming years. Artificial Intelligence would be beneficial to humans because we have a lot to improve upon in our society. Artificial Intelligence would be a great asset, but it should be treated with caution. Machines with AI could be used in medicalRead MoreThe Effects Of Artificial Intelligence On Our Lives1326 Words   |  6 PagesArtificial Intelligence in Our Daily Life AI, or artificial intelligence, is the automation of human processes by means of machine learning, often done by computer systems. These processes include acquisition of complex information and a set rules bound to conclude a reasoning or approximate conclusions. Applications of AI includes expert systems, speech recognition, and machine vision. Goals To discuss the impact of artificial intelligence in our lives and provide a specific set of examples

All About Psalm 27 The Lord is My Light and My Salvation

Psalm 27: The Lord is My Light and My Salvation Hook: In saying â€Å"man’s chief end is ‘to glorify God and enjoy Him forever.’ But we shall then know that these are the same thing. Fully to enjoy is to glorify. In commanding us to glorify Him, God is inviting us to enjoy Him.† Importance of psalm: C.S. Lewis gives a clear example as to why the psalms are so important. To glorify God and to enjoy him through that glorification whether through praise, lament, thanksgiving, or wisdom. Contextual background info: David the author of this Psalm has been pursued by enemies (2-3), shut out from the house of the Lord (4), just parted from his father and mother (10) and subjected to slander (12). Name and explain genre of this psalm: Psalm 27 is called The Lord is My Light and My Salvation and consists of David lamenting to the Lord. He says â€Å"whom shall I fear, the Lord is the stronghold of my life; of whom shall I be afraid? In his grief David is hopeful, for he knows that he can wait upon the Lord. Central idea: Poetic figures give meaning and delight to the psalms because it points to the sanctuary of the Lord. Thesis (answer to my research question): The Sanctuary of the Lord is evident through metaphor, metonymy, anaphora, and other important literary devices. First poetic figure: metaphor v.1: The first poetic figure supports David’s refuge in God. â€Å"The Lord is my light and my salvation, whom shall I fear?† Metaphor is used by David giving a strong connection to God being hisShow MoreRelatedThe Lord Is My Light And My Salvation981 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction The Lord is my light and my salvation (Ps 27:1), In Psalm 27 David talks about his faith with God. Firstly I am going to discuss what this Psalm meant to David and the context in which he wrote this as the young leader of the ancient Israelites. Also discussing how Psalm 27 is written in three separate parts at different periods of David’s life, but focussing on verses one to three. Secondly, we will relate what this scripture means to modern society in the context of both the NewRead MoreLight Shade: An Exegetical Brief of Psalms 272043 Words   |  9 PagesLight Shade: An Exegetical Brief of Psalms 27 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! â€Å"Light and Salvation†: An Exegetical Brief of Psalm 27 A. An outline and Structural Analysis! - Enemies and the Fear of the Lord (v1-3)! - The Psalmist’s One Petition (v4-6)! - Distress, but resolved to wait on Jehovah (v7-12)! - Reassurance (v13-14)! ! B. Introduction ! ! The book of Psalms consists of one hundred ï ¬ fty songs and prayers in the Wisdom literature section ofRead MoreEssay on Psalm 271423 Words   |  6 PagesPsalm 27 Psalm twenty-seven was superscribed before being anointed. It indicates when it was made, which was before David was anointed king over all of Israel. David is showing his gratitude for the salvation and the elevation received through Gods protection and showing his devotion to the Lord through this Psalm. In it he makes the request to be permitted to dwell in the house of the Lord all the days of his life. He expresses how much God means to him by worshiping Him with allRead MoreAll Strength Comes From God1137 Words   |  5 PagesAll Strength Comes From God The bible teaches us that we can live and rest in the strength and comfort that God provides when we face the problems and tribulations of the world. Give Him the glory. Anticipate and expect that God will fulfill His promises. The strength of God is a cornerstone principle of An Enduring Faith. (Read Psalms 91) 2 Chronicles 16:9  For the eyes of the LORD run to and fro throughout the whole earth, to show Himself strong on behalf of those whose heart is loyalRead MorePsalm 27 Displays Perfect Faith1177 Words   |  5 PagesPsalm 27 displays perfect faith in God. It erases all doubt and fear and asks for God to always be present in the speaker’s life. It asks for protection and salvation. The Psalm acknowledges difficulty and enemies and their power over the speaker, but he remains sure that God’s power reigns over all- even the most fearsome of adversaries. Psalm 27 opens with the lines â€Å"The Lord is my light and my salvation; whom shall I fear?† This line speaks to me because in life we all need light to workRead MoreThe Revelation Of Jesus Christ1566 Words   |  7 PagesGod and to the testimony of Jesus Christ, even to all that he saw.† John 1:1-2 (RSV) The book of Revelation is considered the final writings from John’s Gospel. Revelation is a unique book, which unveils future events, and final judgements. Growing up, this was the book we as children didn’t want the preacher to preach about. I grew up Holiness Pentecostal and this is the book that was preached on more than others. I believe I received salvation every week due to these lessons from Revelation. Read MoreThe Lord Has Helped Me1415 Words   |  6 Pagesin Christ and asked me questions about my faith, I prayed silently that the Holy Spirit would speck through me and open his eyes.† (Deadliest Monster pg. 61) The Lord has helped me in many situations in specking of my faith to others or telling others about the amazing gospel that Jesus died on the cross for our sins! Going to a park and giving random people the gospel isn’t easy but what is encouraging is when after asking a homeless guy if we could tell him about Christ I see a police man startRead MoreEssay about Old Testament Missions2368 Words   |  10 PagesTESTAMENT â€Å"Missions is the heart of God and the over all messege for all believers and is also he theme of the Bible.1 This missions unites all sixty-six books in the Bible. Paul makes known the mystery of the gospel Ephesians 3:6 stemming from the Old Testament, that it is also for the gentiles and not limited to the Jews only. From the very beginning of creation the gentiles, or all peoples not Jews, have been a part of the saving grace of the Lord. The apostles understood this plan and is evidentRead MoreMore On Getting Your Prayers Answered1621 Words   |  7 Pagesimportant things. First, there is another step; and, it may be the most important step after the step of salvation. It is forgiveness. When I first realized the importance of forgiveness my thought was, Oh! RATS! Why does THAT have to come into getting my prayers answered? I suppose it truly is about getting my prayers answered; but, even more important, it is about getting closer to the Lord. Anyway, if you are praying for something that is dreadfully and continually important to you, then youRead MoreWorldview As A Person s Perception Of Life And Perspective Of The World1615 Words   |  7 Pagesfirst two chapters of Genesis clearly state that God created all things, life included [Genesis 1:1, 11-13, 20-22, 24-31] (Holy Bible, 2011). God is the beginning and end, and He is the creator. Life did not just appear or suddenly come into being from nothing by some unknown source or reason. Romans 1:19-20 reminds man that God is the creator and that none can deny His hand in creation (Holy Bible, 2011). Life was created by God. All things originated from God. The first chapter of Genesis lays

The International Financial Reporting Standards

Questions: 1. Global standardization requires the United States to adopt IFRS. What do you think are some of the factors that might discourage it from fully adopting IFRS? 2. What are the perceived benefits that would flow when a country adopts IFRS? 3. Assuming you were a free-market supporter, you oppose not only the standardization of international accounting standards in Australia, but also fundamentally the implementation of accounting regulations within Australia. You are required to provide and explain the free-market arguments in favour of reducing or eliminating accounting regulations in Australia. 4. Assuming you are now a pro-regulation supporter, you are required to provide your counter arguments in favour of regulation. Your counter arguments should address and build upon issues relating to the free-market arguments which you have discussed in part (3) above. Answers: Introduction The International Financial Reporting Standards are a guideline to how organizations should treat their company accounts and make them understandable to an international way. This in simple terms means that an accountant from any part of the world should understand the books of accounts of an organization despite the country of origin. This helps creating the international equality through the shareholding and trading activities. Adoption of the standards replace the national standards of which many countries have joined while others feel they should be independent hence leave the international guidelines (Jeanjean Stolowy, 2008). Their formal standards replace the accounting standards of countries creating uniformity which creates a harmonized accounting against the different countries. They have helped organizations across the world in interpretation of their accounts and financial statements. Despite the international recognition of the standards, there exist some factors that di scourage some countries from fully adopting the policies of the organization. Countries have in the recent past come out from the jurisdiction of the guidelines as they push for independence through their own ways as they advocate for their own rules for writing and reporting on the financial statements of the organizations. The independent accounting regulations in the different countries are strong in some areas while others have less regards for the regulations. The IFRS are internationally recognized, however, the United Sates has some reservations on why it should not fully adopt the standardization from the body. (1). The global standardization has necessitated all the countries in the world to adopt the guidelines made by the IFRS as the uniform standard measurements within which they should prepare their books in an organization. However, the United States has adopted most of the guidelines but has in the recent past had some factors that have discouraged it from fully adopting the guidelines and requirements from the IFRS (Chua et al, 2012). This has raised the attention of the important stakeholders in the country as they push for disassociation from the international body. Despite being a super power and being a leader in the world, their move in rejecting some of the requirements have caught the attention of the world. Some of the reasons that they bring forward include the need to have an independent body of their own uncharacterized by the international forum. The United States accounting bodies feel they have come a long way to follow the guidelines like any other country hence the need to break forth and make their own guidelines as they feel there is some form of control of which they break forth (Burritt Schaltegger, 2014). They adopt some of the ideas that the international body has although they do not fully embrace all the guidelines and requirements of the body on how they should prepare their statements in the organization. This has in turn made the organizations in the country adopt other forms of preparing their financial statements through the standards brought by the countrys accountants after the agreements. Another factor that discourages the country from fully adopting the IFRS is that it considers the guidelines unfit for the SME which are more in number in the country. The cost of implementation at this economy may prove difficult for some organization as there are many requirements that the IFRS have to confirm that an organization follows their stated guidelines. The question brought forth further is the relevance and ability of the standards to fit all organizations in the country considering that the country has public companies, private companies, and non-governmental organizations of which there must be books of accounts prepared at the end of their financial years (Chalmers et al, 2011). The question for the standards is whether one set of standards fits all categories as there are many provisions in each type of organization making it easy or complicating the preparation and recognition of incomes and expenses in the organizations. Other reasons that the country brings forwards is the existence of the free market which gives the organizations and major stakeholders in the economy the power to have their own standards as long as they reflect the true and fair view position of their organizations. Most organizations feel that most of the guidelines by the IFRS are theoretical which becomes further complicated in implementing through the actions. They argue that there are many errors that happen within an organization after the adoption of the standards of which most are useless and irrelevant in the type of organization adopting the standard (Carlin Finch, 2010). The requirements of the IFRS are overrated which makes it superior to the other standards that the organization adopts in their books. They are not perfect and have their own shortcomings. Others find it more complicated to implement in their organizations as they have to expand their operations within the organization. The existence of sets of standards guiding the whole world is long overdue and despite the existence of the economy as a global platform, there is need to have independence from other economies. Countries develop at different paces and the presence of the same provisions in preparations of statements makes it irrelevant (Haswell Smith, 2008). A country like the United States does not operate within the same amount of resources like a third world country which means that the adoption of the standards in such a super power and the adoption of the guidelines in a third world country makes it irrelevant. There would be some form of imbalance as one deal with large issues than the other which would bring more complications in preparation of the books. This justifies the need to come up with independent guidelines free from adopting the required regulations by the IFRS in the country. (2). There are many benefits that come with a country that adopts the guidelines and the requirements as stipulated by the International Financial Reporting Standards. For starters, it allows an international investor understand their financial statements making it simple and fast for them to make investments in the country (Cairns et al, 2011). The fact that an investor can correctly interpret the statements and perceive the performance of the organization enables international investors have particular interest especially in countries that adopt the IFRS. For instance, it means an investor in Korea can understand the financial statements of an organization in Australia hence invest more money than in one that does not embrace the standards as set out by the IFRS (Godfrey et al, 2010). Such countries attract investors as they have some form of confidence in the type of information represented in the financial statements as the right information with no misrepresentation of the financial information of the organizations. Other benefits that such a country enjoys are that the IFRS gives guidelines and the task that such organizations have is in implementing such guidelines in their organizations which is not an hard task. They have to be updated with any financial information that the IFRS releases to its users to enable them function with the latest guidelines (Burritt Schaltegger, 2014). This is an easy task compared to coming up with new guidelines from scratch. It also means that auditors from any part of the world could perform an audit on the organization and come up with a true and fair view of the organization. Financial statements prepared using the set guidelines are presentable and there is a form of consistency from one period to another which allows easier decision making and comparison between one period and another (Fosbre et al, 2009). The consistency allows the management identifies any type of change that may happen within the organization as compared to an organization that does not follow a consistent method of preparing their financial statements from one period to another. The standards as stipulated by the IFRS allows an organization deal with different changes that happen and allows a quick and efficient decision making model as organizations follow the guidelines. Such benefits to an organization ensure that they do not spend quality time on adoption of other standards that would prove confusing to the employees (Brggen et al, 2009). The transition from the internationally recognized standards may also contradict the understanding of the employees as they have to embrace in new guidelines. A country that adopts the IFRS enjoys greater benefits on the international scene through the new improved condition of the world which translates it in a global village. The complexity of the transactions and the interconnections that exist within the world economies allow the countries that have adopted the IFRS have an easy understanding of such. Such a country would have a smooth transition in investing in other countries (Brimble Hodgson, 2007). Such global and internationally recognized standards are essential as they from the long term and short term basis through the decision making model. With the inception of new models through adoption of technological advancements, it becomes morally correct and provides a uniform base in the preparation of statements of accounts. (3). The existence of a free market in the economy of any country allows the institutions make their own independent decisions based on what they experience as opposed to some rules that have no idea on what happens on the ground. Standardization in the accounting standards is a good initiative but does not justify the need to have other bodies and organizations come up with their guidelines on what they feel suits their books of accounts as well as their financial statements (Schroeder et al, 2013) (Scott, 2014). The free-market allows adjustments and room to come up with the regulations and guidelines that work for an organization across all industries. It is common to find in the industries that since they are guided and bound by the regulations from the international reporting standards, there are some things they can do or not do as they write their books of accounts (Deegan, 2013). This acts as some form of control making it hard for the organizations to expand what they reflect in the books of accounts. In an indirect way, it has led to some form of stealing through bloating and over stating some items on the financial statements to fit what they want. This in turn does not reflect the true and fair value as they assume that they should. It is common to find some statements of accounts wrongly prepared especially through an audit. Such actions reveal many underlying problems in the organization as there are no definite and consistency through the way they provide their books of account (Collin et al, 2009). A free market on the other hand is an advantage to organizations as they capture all information that they would want represented in their books. Such does not limit what kind of information to include or exclude as such determines on the agreement of the organization. Such makes it possible to find some organizations in the same industry may include some things in the statements while other may not include. The freedom on such allows some form of flexibility to the organizations. Eliminating the accounting regulations in Australia will provide a big relief to organizations both public and private as they have the freedom within which to report their finances (Nobes Parker, 2008). Such will allow room for innovations and the industries develop an accepted mode of presenting their books of account. In the room for innovations, it means that the experts in accounting procedures will have to come up with standard ways that will capture the information of any organization. Such will allow the technological innovations in the industries as people and industries grow out of the stipulated regulations and techniques. In essence, it unlocks the minds of the people through development of new and independent methods (Christensen et al, 2015). Despite the many innovations that countries like Australia may come up with due to the many innovations and room for technology, there is need to put some form of regulations to allow a standard method of reporting across all the industries. This means that at least each industry should have a common method that they have agreed upon that they will use in their reporting. (4). Allowing all industries in a country like Australia which has billions of industry would bring to confusion in firms. This means that each industry would have their own method of reporting on their books of accounts and in their financial statements (Messner, 2010). This means that there would be different presentations of the same information across different firms making it hard to arrive at a consistent conclusion further engaging the accountants in the organization for further explanation of the information they have captured in the financial statements. Such freedom makes no sense in the information prepared as one industry may prefer one method while the other may prefer the other method hence no uniformity in the information provided. This may cause an uncontrolled from of regulation in the organizations as each organization chooses a method they prefer as opposed to a stipulated method. Some organizations may abuse the freedom within which they have to prepare their financial statements hence prepare them in a way that they only understand (Love Eickemeyer, 2009). External parties interested in the financial statements like the shareholders and stakeholders as well as the government when they need to collect their taxes may have a hard time as the information captured in the financial statements may not be the true values. An organization on one hand may underestimate their value whereas in the real sense they may be going bankrupt unable to pay their creditors and should be out of business. Some organizations may not reveal the full amounts of their profits as they seek ways through which they can evade tax by giving false information (Massingham Massingham, 2014). Such will have negative results on the government as they lose revenue in other organizations making it hard to track down organizations that give untrue information on their financial statements. Another shortcoming for the freedom in regulation without an overseer in the preparation of the books of accounts may be the effect such will have on potential and interested investors who would want to invest in the industries. They may shy away after having a look at the book of accounts and since there is no understanding in the information presented therein, they may opt to venture in other areas where they feel they have a form of understanding (Jones Higgins, 2006). Such small yet significant actions may have an effect on the economy of the country like Australia where investors pull away based on the presentation of the financial statements. Despite the freedom that exists, some controlled method may have an effect on the organizations as they present the information. Conclusion The support for or against the adoption of the IFRS depends on an individual country and the type of support that they will gain from the adoption. Every accounting standard adopted by each country should satisfy the needs of the companies therein reflecting high-quality standards that will allow the highest level of comparability (Ball, 2006). This would make the investors on the local and international scene have an understanding of the financial statements. They should meet within the international standards while serving and satisfying the investors and other major public stakeholders who may have some form of interest in the countrys investments. This means that despite the guidelines adopted, they should reflect the true value of the organization in the financial statements prepared. On the other hand, an external accountant should be in a position to understand the financial statements provided. The quality of information prepared should be of high quality despite the type of standard adopted by the organization. Investors should have a way through which they understand the financial statements prepared and the accounting research used depict a high value of disclosures. There should be no form of defects in the statements of accounts prepared as they should reveal the true information while at the same time reveal high quality information about the organization. The basis of recognition and the measurements, as well as the recognition of all items in the books should be understandable to the shareholders and other parties interested in the financial statements (Adibah et al, 2013). The standards adopted should enable the accountants of the organization provide timely, transparent, and independent information through all the modifications made in the statements. They should indeed be comparable within the international scene in a case that they were subjected to internationa l investors. They should be in a position to understand the statements enabling them make their investments decisions. References Adibah Wan Ismail, W., Anuar Kamarudin, K., Van Zijl, T., Dunstan, K. (2013). Earnings quality and the adoption of IFRS-based accounting standards: Evidence from an emerging market.Asian review of accounting,21(1), 53-73. Ball, R. (2006). International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS): pros and cons for investors.Accounting and business research,36(sup1), 5-27. Brimble, M., Hodgson, A. (2007). On the intertemporal value relevance of conventional financial accounting in Australia.Accounting Finance,47(4), 599-622. Brggen, A., Vergauwen, P., Dao, M. (2009). Determinants of intellectual capital disclosure: evidence from Australia.Management Decision,47(2), 233-245. Burritt, R., Schaltegger, S. (2014). Accounting towards sustainability in production and supply chains.The British Accounting Review,46(4), 327-343. Cairns, D., Massoudi, D., Taplin, R., Tarca, A. (2011). IFRS fair value measurement and accounting policy choice in the United Kingdom and Australia.The British Accounting Review,43(1), 1-21.

Role of Government in Australian Employment Development

Australian government has had substantial influence on the employment of its people since 1980. Many reforms have been made since then that have benefited the employers and employees equally. The government’s flexibility to make agreement on reforms on industrial relations was a major stepping stone for Australian labor force. Most reforms were in accordance with the human resource requirements.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Role of Government in Australian Employment Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Employment is one critical organ of an economy. It is an important measurement for the development of an economy. Since 1980, Australia has received dramatic changes in its labor markets. Great changes in the employment contract lead to the facilitation of the labor regulations. The passage of the 1991 employment contract Act had the greatest impact which was positive. Australia industrial relati on reforms did not start with decentralization but rather centralized wage determination and varying national wage rates which were linked to prices directly. In Australia the labor force comprises those people of ages about sixteen and above and is actively involved in full or part time employment. The unemployed too are part of the labor force. The government is involved in policy making. Its effect of policy making has a lot of influence on the sectors that man the economy of every country (Lunsbury Nick 2011). In Australia, the chapter 3 reviews by the government in the early 80s did affect the labor force. For instance, the reviews led to a decline in central management of finances and the public service sector in general. Agencies and individual departments had the liberty to control their work on their own. These reforms meant that the managers of organizations had the sole responsibility of directing their organizations towards achieving work performance and goals (Edge 200 0). This also meant that the concerned leaders of organizations were answerable to commissions, the government and the parliament. However, the organizations still retained their old ethical values. Considering The Public Reform Service Act, This act was amended in about 1984. It gave more liberty to the employment section (Lunsbury Nick 2011). Some of the good reports in the act included increased resource allocation methods, responsiveness to them new government, assessment of the roles of agencies and a competitive central government.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Another good report was on employment. This meant that there would be equal employment opportunities to every single citizen. Major strong focuses of the reform included frame works for employment and deregulation, devolution integration of Australian Public Service (APS) in industrial relations (Niland, 198 0). In 1996, there were yet new reforms on the Public Service Act (Niland, 1980). This time round, the reforms were directed on innovation and more technological advancement. This meant a great improvement on the workforce for the government the Australian people. In addition to innovation, the reform was also to enhance professionalism and commitment of the public sector. Provision of a good and enabling environment was also a part of the reform strategies. Providing a viable environment was to encourage commitment and creativity and also to create opportunities for the job seekers. These reforms of the early 90s however met several challenges. Some of the challenges were due to cultural background, As for the economic status, Niland (1980) explains that the rate of employment and unemployment is closely related to the status of the economy. In 1980, Australia had a steady state decrease in the employment opportunities. By 2002, the status had shifted to more employment for the peo ple. This decrease in employment rate continued until the mid years of the new millennium (Lewis 2006). The decrease was very alarming as it escalated from good to bad. Recession was the main reason for the tremendous decrease in employment. The economy was having a reversed state of growth that affected the labor markets. However, this economic issue was not inborn in Australia but originated from the United States and the global arena at large. The down slope of economy in the US and globally resulted into reduced growth in Australia (Lewis 2006). In addition, the exports also reduced disastrously influencing the rate of employment. Considering Governments’ Role in Employment. In the period of early 1900, the Australian government had a centralized rule that governed almost every section of the country’s developmental aspects. There was more regulation that prevented the labor force from having liberty. The unions gave out a raw deal for employment hence; it was not one of the best choices for the people.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Role of Government in Australian Employment Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Decentralization became an open door of opportunity for the development of industrial relations. Formally the main body that regulated the labor force was the Commonwealth Conciliation and Arbitration Commission (Maitland 2004). This was later replaced by the Australian Industrial Relations Commission. This body was responsible for the creation of awards from the commencement of its existence. It brought out a paradigm shift in the employment sector. Some of the issues advocated for by this commission were on minimum wage number, equity in employment, favorable payment for workers and issues of unfair dismissal from work place. It is during this time of decentralization that there arose development of the manufacturing industries (Niland, 1980). As for F unctions of the Industrial Relations Commission, bargaining of agreements was the main focus of the Industrial relations Commission. Main changes have been experienced by the commission. These changes include the reduction in union power and density, structural change, legislative change and formation of more non standardized form of employment (Lewis 2006). The GDP of Australia is over one Trillion US dollars (Lunsbury Nick 2011). With a population of twenty one million, The Australian government has been able to provide employment for about eighty percent of its people. Employment patterns have shifted greatly since 1980. There has been an expansion of non standard employment such as outsourcing, casual work, temporary jobs and labor market intermediaries in conjunction with agencies. The greatest of all was the rapid development of the part time jobs. The establishment of the work choice act in 1996 resulted to more liberty to the employees and employers. The fair work act of 20 09 included the bargaining of work choices by union leaders. They were not to allow imposition of laws to the employers without a thought out agreement by the two groups (Lunsbury Nick 2011).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The union groups declined at a rapid state since the non standardized employment started encroaching into the country. The jobs that had much union regulation decreased for example employment from manufacturing industries. On the other hand, the service industry improved a great deal and was less controlled by unions. Moreover, different industries resolved to have their own internal unions hence barring the external union deals. Before decentralization there were no strikes in by the work force of Australia. This is because the laws then enacted in the early 1900s prohibited strikes. There was lots of working hours lost due to work disputes that could not be solved. But, at the inception of the right for the labor force to air the views, the work disputes reduced a great deal (Lunsbury Nick 2011). The agreement on strikes stated that workers could only strike at designated times and for various reasons presented to the respective labor force commission. These agreements led to ami cable resolution of conflicts and misunderstanding in employment sector. Considering types of Underemployment in Australia gives more information about the status of employment and industrial relations objective. Underemployment is a real issue that is present in all countries. Every government employs every strategy possible to reduce this state because it is used to describe stability of every nation. Events of curbing the issue of unemployment cannot be underrated because they determine the way forward in dealing with employment issues. Discovering the issues that relate to underemployment can help solve the issue (Fan, 2005). Moreover, government strategies are better off when working out the issue of underemployment. Therefore, it is important to highlight unemployment issues so as to know various ways of prevent its increase. Some of the notable forms of underemployment types and reasons are listed below. As for, Structural Underemployment, rapid development in technology may result in loss of employment for a bigger percentage of a country. Rise in technology as displaced a number of work force mainly in the manufacturing industries. For instance, an employee in a vehicle manufacturing industry may find it had to find a job in other industries after losing hi/her job. This is because he/she may not have the required skills of other industries. The use of novel technology has deprived many people of opportunities in work place. Fan (2005) says that when real wage exceed productivity, employers do opt for equipments to substitute the work force. In this case there occurs reduction in employment and hence an increase in the unemployed people. Flexible labor market, reforms in the micro economy and increased efficiencies were the main reasons for unemployment in Australia in the early 1990s. Moreover the increased rate of economic growth and reduction in structural unemployment resulted into a decrease in employment. Considering Cyclical Underemployment In times when the economy is in boom state, the employment status is likely to increase due to increased demand for labor to sort out the increased job availability. In Australia the boom occurred in the period between 1999-2001 and 2006-2007. On the other hand, recession leads to decrease in employment therefore leading to cyclical unemployment. As for Hidden Underemployment, this involved people who had lost hope seeking for a job opportunity. These people just sit back discouraged by recession and economic status. To cater for this habit of losing job, the government opted to advise employers to reduce working hours so as to save the jobs (Gauja, 1987). This strategy helped reduce unemployment during Australian recession in 2009. As for the fictional unemployment, this type of unemployment is basically for school leavers. It is not real employment because there is a lot of sifting from one job to another with a lot of transition between new entrants or jobs to the labor force (Fan 2 005). Considering Natural State of Unemployment, This form of unemployment can change over a period of time. This is a state of unemployment that can be attained without inflation. In Australia, this state is called the Non Accelerating Inflation Rate of Unemployment (NAIRU) (Gauja, 1987). It nature that is dictated by structural unemployment can only be solved through microeconomic policy reforms. When labor supply and demand are at equilibrium, there is no point for labor search. In such cases, employment rate reduces due to full employment. This prevents further employment since the whole labor force cannot be provided with employment opportunities at ago. Other forms of unemployment under this section include seasonal, cyclical, structural, hard core and frictional unemployment (Gauja, 1987). As for Hard Core Underemployment, in every country there are people who suit employment and those who do not suit employment (Gauja, 1987). Requirements for employment vary from one place t o another. There are people who do not fit the requirements totally. Such people do not get employed for the entire life. These group forms the group for the unemployed too. Considering Regulation of Employer Employee Relations, Industrial regulations established by the government helped regulate the relations between government and employment sector. These activities were geared towards improving the relationship between the employees and employers (Niland 1980). The judicial arm and legislative arm of government both participated into seeing the employment sector succeed in its operations. The introduction of a third part in the employment sector was to help see to it that there was no exploitation of employees by employers. This also resulted into equal employment provision for all. The regulation of employment by government as third party is not an issue. The issue applies on trust. Another issue that was of more concern at the inception of regulations was the capacity of busine sses in Australia to compete internationally. Most regulations could reduce productivity and hence affect the international markets negatively. Those employees that were mostly affected were the semiskilled and unskilled (Gauja 1987). Therefore the changes in regulation benefited the employees at individual and enterprise level. This is because wages and conditions of employment were mainly determined by individual or enterprises. According to Lewis (2008), Gender equality is a critical issue in every government. In Australia, forty two percent of people employed are female the rest are male. Although this ratio is not bad, the options for employment are not satisfactory. Women work in low paying jobs compared to men. However, the situation for employment in Australia is better off than most countries. Therefore, the issue of gender is not a big deal. The government further perpetuated increased rate of economic growth by several reforms on different sectors for the benefit of the c ommon individual. The great and steady state increase in economic growth can help retain workers in their job for a very long time. The creation of favorable conations for employees is also important if the government wants to prevent issues of unemployment (Stuart 1997). The government of Australia acted prudently to allow the labor industry to have liberty of its activities. With the decentralization issue, the industrial relations stood at a better position to work out the discrepancies that were in the labor industry so as to create a new labor force. In conclusion Employment issue is a very critical issue for every economy. The government should not have control of most of the basic issue of the labor force and industrial relations. Te government of Australia pulled away from decision making issues concerning the labor section. This was very important because it is the employees and employers themselves who can understand their strengths and weaknesses better. The government so le purpose is to protect the employees and employers. It should only come in where there are misconceptions and issues of dictatorship or misunderstanding in the labor sector. Reduced government regulations can help in improving efficiency in the industrial relations sector. Reference List Edge, K 2000,â€Å"Structural Change and Microeconomic†, Journal of Economics Policy. Web. Fan, L 2005, Work Place Relations, Routlegde, New York. Gauja, A 1987,â€Å"Employment and Non-employment†, Australian Bureau of Statistic. Web. Lewis, W 2006, â€Å"Employment in Australia†, Australian Economic Journal. Web. Lunsbury, R and Nick, W 2011, International and Comparative Employment: Employment Relations in Australia, 5th edn, Sage Publications, Sydney. Maitland, E 2004, Labor Force: Economics and Political Science, Routledge, Sydney. Niland, J 1980, â€Å"Industrial Labor Relations†, Industrial Labor Relations Associations. Web. Stuart, S 1997, â€Å"Work Forceâ₠¬ , Australian Labor Movement. Web. This essay on Role of Government in Australian Employment Development was written and submitted by user J0anna to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.